Shute, Nancy (2004) “Makeover Nation” U.S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, May 31, p.53-63.

Americans are choosing cosmetic surgery in record numbers. The most requested option is nose surgery.

Cosmetic operations are surprisingly old. They date back to 16th century. However primitive, the surgery of that time attempted to disguise the ravishes of syphilis. After World War II, many procedures were done to repair war wounds on American soldiers. Today, the surgery is generally excellent. However, it is has risks that should be explored by the client.

More than 8.7 million people had cosmetic surgery in 2003. That is 33% increase over the previous year. It is discussed more openly today and is the theme of a number of reality shows.
Procedures include (in common terms) nose jobs, liposuction, breast augmentation, eyelid surgery, and facelifts. There numbers are in the order previously listed and the average price for any one of the procedures is $5,000 or less.

Unfortunately, many M.D.s can do cosmetic surgery even when they are not board certified. Additionally, the longer the surgical time and procedures the more likely those individuals will die or be disfigured.

Expectations have risen as this whole area has become mainstream. Additionally, there are now non surgical approaches that also improve the youthful appearance in both sexes.
This includes Botox, Retin-A, as well as mild acids that can revitalize the face (chemical peals) and laser surgery.

Less invasive surgery is now being performed. It is called “feather-lifts’ and involves gentle surgical tightening in various areas of the face.

The makeover surgical business is now a 9.4 billion dollar industry and it is growing. The preferable option is to go with an experienced practioner and to choose minimally invasive procedures. If a great deal needs to be done, it should not be completed in one operation. It is preferable that it be completed in a hospital that is accredited as well as having a board certified physician.

Personal preferences can be disastrous. One may want a small nose that in the abstract is attractive, but is too small for many faces. This also applies to many other procedures.

The most vulnerable are those who are constantly in front of the public. The burden of attractiveness is generally placed upon the female. Thus, there is the dilemma of continually looking attractive and young.

Temporary procedures, youth creams and make up may be superior, because they are temporary and can be reversed.

All are advised to use caution. A low cost operation may mean a big risk in the long run.
Those with vast improvements that are shown in reality shows often take a long time and also involve new wardrobes, hair styles and other temporary, but expensive treatments.

To see both good and imperfect facelifts, see awfulplasticsurgery.com