http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7850

Pee-powered battery smaller than a credit card
18:10 15 August 2005

The first urine-powered paper battery has been created by physicists in
Singapore. The credit-card sized unit could be a useful power source
for cheap healthcare test kits for diseases like diabetes, and could even
be used in emergency situations to power a cellphone, they say.

Testing urine can reveal the identity of illnesses, and the new paper
battery could allow the sample being tested to also power the diagnostic
device.

“We are striving to develop cheap, disposable credit-card sized
biochips for disease detection,” says Ki Bang Lee, at the Institute of
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology in Singapore. “Our battery can be easily integrated into
such devices, supplying electricity on contact with biofluids such as urine
or blood.”

Current biochips need an external reader such as a laser scanner or an external source of power, such as conventional batteries, to perform diagnostic tests. Lee‘s technology houses both the sensors and the battery on one plastic chip.

One more drop This design circumvents many of the problems encountered by researchers
attempting to shrink down more conventional battery systems for use with
bioMEMS – devices utilising bio-microelectromechanical systems.

“Many researchers have tried to design power sources or batteries for
systems or bioMEMS devices. However, they have done this by reducing
the size of conventional, bulky power systems or batteries,” explains Lee.
“They faced a lot of problems,” including difficulties in getting sufficient
electrical energy, he adds.

The urine-powered battery was able to generate a voltage of about 1.5
volts – with a corresponding power of 1.5 micro-watts – using just 0.2
millilitres of urine, says Lee. And if a second droplet of urine was added 15 hours
after the battery was first activated, the replenished urine could
generate still more electricity.

The battery is currently suited for use with disposable devices – it is
not yet ready to power laptops or iPods. "But if, for example, we place a
small cellular phone or transmitter on a plastic card, the chip will work as
a disposable biofluid-activated means of communication in an emergency,”
Lee told New Scientist. “In this case, the size will be less than that of a
credit card.”

Wrapped sandwich The battery is made of a layer of filter paper steeped in copper
chloride, sandwiched between strips of magnesium and copper. This “sandwich” is
then laminated in plastic to hold the whole package together. The resulting
battery is just 1 millimetre thick and 60 by 30 mm across – slightly
smaller than a credit card.

To activate the battery, a drop of urine is added and soaks through the
sandwiched filter paper. The chemicals dissolve and react to produce
electricity. The magnesium layer acts as the anode, losing its
electrons. And the copper chloride acts as the cathode, mopping up the electrons.

But Lee adds that the voltage, current and capacity of the battery
could be improved by different designs or by switching the electrode or
electrolyte materials used.

He believes the system could be used in home-based health test kits.
“The long-term goal is for people to be able to buy disposable biochips for
a disease test from any pharmacy,” he says.

Journal reference: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (DOI:
10.1088/0960-1317/15/9/S06)